“  .  .  .  Dull  would  be  he  of  soul  who  could  pass  by 

A  sight  so  touching  in  its  majesty —  wordsworth 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/indianalimestoneOOindi 


Seal  of  the  University  of  Indiana  carved  in  Indiana 
Limestone  for  the  exterior  of  the  “Old  College 
Building”  in  1855  and  still  perfect  (See  page  31) 


VOLUME  I  —  FOURTH  \  EDITION 


March.  1919 


Indiana  Limestone  Quarrymen’s  Association 


BEDFORD.  INDIANA 


List  of  Volumes  concerning  Indiana 
Oolitic  Limestone  published  or 
to  be  published 


1  Indiana  Limestone  (The  Present  Volume). 

2  Indiana  Limestone  for  Office  Buildings. 

3  Indiana  Limestone  for  Churches. 

4  The  Indiana  Limestone  Bank  Book. 

5  Perfect  for  Residences — Indiana  Limestone. 

6  Use  of  Indiana  Limestone  in  School  Buildings. 

7  Distinction  in  Club  Houses. 

8  Indiana  Limestone — Nature's  Gift  to  the  New  Library. 

9  The  Public  Choice  for  Public  Buildings. 

10  For  Dignity — Indiana  Limestone  Trim. 

11  Where  Indiana  Limestone  Should  be  l  sed  for  Interiors. 

12  Dignity  Plus  Delicacy  in  Mantels. 

13  The  Apartment  Building  Where  “Class”  Pays  Cash. 

14  Pergolas  and  Garden  Decoration  in  Indiana  Limestone. 

15  “Variegated  Stone,”  the  Jewel  of  the  Quarry. 

10  The  Porch  that  “Makes”  the  Building  (and  “stays  put”.) 

17  The  Finer  Buildings  of  America  (an  illustrated  list.) 

18  When  Indiana  was  an  Ocean. 

(Formation  of  Indiana  Limestone.) 

19  The  Sculptors  Stone. 

20  Indiana  Limestone  in  Public  Monuments. 

21  Mausoleums  and  Private  Monuments. 

22  The  Indiana  Limestone  Social  Register. 

(Prominent  Limestone  Houses  and  their  Owners.) 

23  The  Architect’s  View  of  It. 

24  Limestone  “Quaintoddities.”  (Odd  effects  with  Crows  feet, 

fossils,  American  Travertine,  etc.) 

25  A  Technical  Treatise  on  the  Proper  Use  of  Indiana  Limestone. 

Price  $5.00. 

20  “Fire-and- Water  Resistance." 

27  Prize  Designs  for  $12,000  Houses. 


(THIS  BOOKLET  IS  VOLUME  1.) 

In  print  at  this  time  (March,  1919),  are  \  olumes  1,  4  and  27.  \  ol- 

ume  25  is  in  course  of  preparation. 

Publication  dates  of  other  volumes  will  be  announced  from  time  to 
time. 


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Note 


I  MllS  hook,  being  Volume  I  of  the  Indiana  Linie- 
stone  Library,  is  intended  to  have  interest  and 
to  contain  information  in  some  degree  for  both  archi¬ 
tects  and  laymen.  It  does  not,  by  any  means,  pretend 
to  cover  the  subject  of  Indiana  Limestone  completely. 

A  number  of  other  volumes,  each  covering  a  partic¬ 
ular  aspect  ot  the  use  el  Indiana  Limestone,  are  being 
prepared.  Their  approximate  titles  appear  on  the  page 
opposite,  and  we  shall  be  glad  to  send  you  any  you 
may  indicate  as  they  are  issued. 

Meanwhile  the  Indiana  Limestone  Quarry  men  s 
Association  will  be  glad  to  answer  any  specific  questions 
or  give  any  help  in  its  power  with  regard  to  Indiana 
Limestone,  its  qualities,  uses,  etc.  It  will  also  be 
glad  to  furnish  samples  of  the  stone  to  illustrate  any 
points  which  may  be  in  question. 

Address 

Indiana  Limestone  Quarrymen’s 
Association 

BEDFORD,  INDIANA 


i*. 


"A  V,: 


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A 


'1  ho  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials" 

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Limestone  from  sidewalk  to  skyline, 
beautiful  office  buildings  in 


Trinity  Building,  New  York  City;  Francis  H.  Kimball,  Architect.  Indiana 

kclfne,  Tike  manv-,of  the  greatest  and  most 
b*ey  'York,  Cfmag<i,  and  other  large  cities. 


Four 


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EVER  since  the  days  when  it  took  one  or  two  months  in 
a  sailing  vessel  to  go  to  Europe,  Americans,  in  constantly 
increasing  numbers,  have  made  the  trip;  made  it  mostly 
as  a  pilgrimage  to  the  art  and  architecture  of  the  Old  World. 
They  have  worshiped  at  the  shrines  of  sincere  art  and  sincere 
craftsmanship. 

Before  the  great  Gothic  cathedrals  (largely  built  of  lime¬ 
stone,  by  the  way)  they  have  stood  in  awe  pointing  out  one 
to  another  the  elaborate  stone  sculpture  and  tracery,  the 
feathery  spires  and  pinnacles;  with  knowing  looks  they  have 
called  the  attention  to  the  wonderful  craftsmanship  of  the 
stone  walls  and  buttresses,  to  the  manner  in  which  stones 
have  been  chosen,  not  for  their  absolute  likeness  in  color, 
nor  for  their  perfect  similarity  of  texture,  but  for  the  infinitely 
delicate  variety  of  both  tone  and  texture  which  they  show, 
thereby  making  even  the  plainest  and  most  uneventful  sur¬ 
faces  of  walls  interesting  and  attractive  to  the  eye. 

Having  paid  their  esthetic  respects,  no  doubt  from  the 
fullness  of  their  hearts,  to  the  works  of  the  Old  World  masters; 
having  had  their  holiday  and  turned  “back  to  the  plow,”  as 
they  say,  they  have  (with  a  small  but  very  rapidly  growing 
class  of  exceptions)  forgotten  all  the  nobility  and  beauty 
which  is  possible  to  architecture  and  built  their  own  buildings 
by  radicallv  different  standards  or  by  no  apparent  standards 
at  all. 

When  they  have  used  brick  it  has  been  because  there  hap¬ 
pened  to  be  a  brickyard  handy;  when  they  have  used  stone 
it  has  been  because  there  was  a  quarry  nearer  than  the 
nearest  lumber  mill;  when  they  have  used  terra  cotta  it  has 
been  because  some  clever  salesman  has  talked  them  into  a 
fleeting  admiration  for  the  Yankee  ingenuity  and  American 
commercial  sufficiency  which  has  made  a  clever  imitation  of 
genuine  stone  out  of  burnt  clay,  shaped  into  a  hollow  shell 
and  glazed  like  crockery. 

At  about  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  a  few  of  the  excellences 
of  Indiana  Limestone  as  an  architectural  material  came  to 
the  attention  of  a  small  public.  From  the  time  when  the 
first  carload  was  shipped  to  Chicago  from  Bedford,  down  to 


X'  Xr±jT'r, 

''The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials' 


St 


Five 


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tin'  present  day,  the  use  of  Indiana  Limestone  in  all  the 
worthier  sorts  of  buildings  has  increased  by  leaps  and  bounds 
until  today  a  substantial  proportion  of  all  the  monumental 
buildings  of  the  country  is  built  of  it. 

Hut  one  of  the  best  qualities  of  the  stone  and  the  one 
which  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  calling  attention  to  it, 
namely,  its  uniformity  and  easy  working  quality  has,  in  a 
measure,  proved  to  be  to  its  detriment.  Quantities  of  per¬ 
fectly  homogeneous  fine  grain  stone  being  available,  builders, 
in  spite  of  the  lessons  of  European  architecture  and  despite 
the  fact  that  several  distinct  kinds  of  Indiana  Limestone  are 
to  be  found  in  every. quarry,  have  until  late  years  made  it  a 
practice  to  insist  upon  absolute  uniformity  in  tone,  color  and 
texture  throughout  a  building.  Although  many  wonderful 
buildings  have  been  built  in  this  way,  the  practice  has  tended 
to  rob  the  stone  of  its  distinction  and  increase  the  temptation 
to  use  factory-made  substitutes  in  its  place. 

Happily  this  practice,  except  in  cases  where  for  special 
reasons  uniformity  is  desired,  is  decidedly  on  the  wane;  and, 
through  the  new  American  demand  for  sincerity  in  artistic 
expression,  which  is  only  possible  in  a  worthy  and  genuine 
material,  Indiana  Limestone,  “The  Aristocrat  of  Building 
Materials,”  has  come  into  its  own. 

Why  we,  living  on  an  Earth  which  is  nothing  but  one 
great  solid  rock  covered  with  a  thin  skim  of  soil  and  water; 
why  we,  with  the  authority  of  the  whole  history  of  human 
civilization  to  lead  us  in  the  direction  of  stone  for  a  building 
material,  should  permit  ourselves,  even  temporarily,  to  be 
turned  away  from  it  or  to  express  ourselves  in  it  wrongly 
it  is  hard  to  see.  The  only  likely  explanation  seems  to  be 
the  youth  of  the  American  nation  and  its  youthful  enthusi¬ 
asm  for  commercial  efficiency. 

Many  of  us  get  even  more  enthusiastic  over  a  clever  imi¬ 
tation  or  a  substitute  that  “will  do”  (if  it  is  salable)  than  we 
do  over  the  original,  worthy,  true  and  genuine  thing  on  which 
the  imitation  is  based.  Of  course  this  state  of  mind  is  wrong 
and  with  the  zealous  assistance  of  the  sincere  and  able  archi¬ 
tects  of  the  country  it  is  rapidly  giving  way. 


“The  Aristocrat  of  Hu  tiding  Materials 


Seven 


Limestone 


Limestone,  because  of  its  especially  pleasing  qualities,  has 
always  easily  held  the  leadership  among  building  stones 
wherever  it  could  be  had  at  all.  The  Pyramids  are  built  of 
it.  All  Continental  countries  are  filled  with  beautiful  and 
historic  examples  of  its  use.  Most  of  the  great  Gothic  cathe¬ 
drals  are  wrought  from  it.  Westminster  Abbey,  St.  Paul’s 
Cathedral,  and  many  other  ancient  buildings  in  London  are 
of  Limestone — Oolitic  Limestone.  They  stand  among  the 
greatest  and  most  beautiful  of  man’s  works  of  building  art, 
venerable  and  venerated — and  Limestone  they  are  built  of. 

Indiana  Limestone 

Yet  the  celebrated  Portland  Limestone  of  England,  which 
is  undoubtedly  the  best  European  building  stone,  is  but  a 
poor  second  to  that  great  deposit  which  occurs  in  Lawrence 
and  Monroe  counties,  Indiana,  known  geologically  as  the 
Indiana  Oolitic  Limestone.  Although  a  great  proportion  of 
all  kinds  of  buildings  of  any  importance  in  the  United  States 
are  of  this  material,  its  importance  is  but  half-realized  and 
comparatively  few  people  even  know  it  by  name. 

Indiana  Limestone  is  just  the  sum  of  all  the  qualities 
which  an  architect,  an  engineer  and  a  prospective  builder 
together  could  ask  for  in  a  building  material.  It  is  beautiful 
in  color  and  in  texture;  it  is  extremely  strong.  It  can  be 
worked  with  great  facility  and  perfection.  Act,  even  when 
finely  carved,  it  is,  from  any  practical  standpoint,  everlasting. 
It  is  abundant,  and  this  with  its  workable  quality  makes  it 
far  from  costly.  Its  fire  resisting  quality  is  high.  It  can 
be  had  in  blocks  of  practically  any  size.  Finally,  it  bears 
upon  its  face  the  stamp  of  the  original,  the  true  and  genuine, 
product  of  the  great  unfaltering  hand  of  Nature,  which  has 
placed  it  far  above  the  power  of  man’s  efforts  to  imitate. 

In  beauty,  and  dignity,  the  first  consideration  in  a  build¬ 
ing  material,  Indiana  Limestone  is  beyond  compare.  First, 
it  is  to  be  had  in  various  shades,  all  of  which  come  out  of 
nearly  every  quarry.  Thus  a  choice  of  effects  can  be  had. 


Nine 


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‘  ~J  fJ 1  r/- 1  j iV A !  Q\  LH- ILl)  l  N  G  M  A  I  £  R  l  Alb  t 

«* 


-H>^v/vT^ 


Buff  Indiana  Limestone 

A  color  which  is  widely  used  is  the  so-called  “buff"  Indi¬ 
ana  Limestone.  As  in  so  many  other  cases,  the  common 
name  describes  “buff"  Limestone  but  poorly.  When  it 
comes  from  the  quarry  it  is  what  might  perhaps  be  called  a 
sort  of  buff,  but  on  exposure  to  the  air  it  quickly  changes  to 
a  beautiful  yellowish  gray  which  never  alters  thereafter,  ex¬ 
cept  for  the  better,  though  exposed  to  all  sorts  of  atmos¬ 
pheric  conditions,  for  hundreds  of  years.  Since,  in  our  “young 
country,”  Indiana  Limestone  has  been  used  for  building  only 
about  fifty  years,  this  would  seem  at  first  sight  a  hard  thing 
to  prove.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  we  are  talking 
of  civilization’s  first  building  material,  the  “Rock  of  Ages," 
part  and  parcel  of  Mother  Earth.  It  is  the  naturally  exposed 
ledges  of  Indiana  Limestone,  which  have  resisted  the  attacks 
of  the  elements  for  untold  centuries,  which  prove  the  per¬ 
manence  of  it  in  color  as  well  as  in  form. 

Gray  Indiana  Limestone 

Buff  Limestone  comes  from  the  upper  part  of  the  quarry. 
From  the  lower  part  comes  the  beautiful  gray  (sometimes 
called  “blue"  by  the  trade.)  When  freshly  quarried  it  is 
a  rather  dark  bluish-grav,  which  changes  on  seasoning,  that 
is,  exposure  to  light  and  air,  to  a  silvery,  hazy  gray  very 
pleasing  to  the  eye.  In  the  color,  both  of  buff  and  of  gray 
stone,  there  is  an  indescribabe  softness,  a  wonderful  depth  of 
tone  which  belongs  to  Indiana  Limestone  alone. 

Variegated  Indiana  Limestone 

The  rarer  Limestone  of  mixed  colors  (the  trade  calls  it 
“mixed  stone”),  occurs  in  the  quarry  only  where  the  buff 
stone  joins  the  gray.  It  is  variegated  in  color,  no  two  blocks 
being  exactly  alike,  and  so  is  capable  of  producing,  when 
laid  up  in  the  wall  of  a  building,  an  effect  of  infinite  and 
beautiful  variety  sometimes  described  as  “vibrant."  Even 
the  plainest  unbroken  wall  may  be  rendered  interesting  by 
the  effect  of  texture  which  the  variegated  stone  gives. 


■vrc- 


— - - : - : - 


'  ■  - 


v-.  'S*' 


64 


The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials  “ 


Twelve 


’  TKE  ARIstoCfA  Ar~OF  OUlLDINC  MArEftfAt?t 


\8WVfc-' 


•4c. 


x.v. 


.-fR. 


sav 


■s® 


Properly  lmndled  by  a  skillful  architect  it  can  also  be  so 
used  as  to  convey  the  impression  of  dignified  maturity  in  a 
new  building. 

Cram,  Goodhue  &  Ferguson,  architects,  of  New  York, 
who  are  famous  as  creators  of  Gothic  architecture,  have  so 
used  Variegated  Indiana  Limestone  in  several  famous  churches 
with  telling  effect.  Among  these  is  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Chicago,  which  is  illustrated  on  page  12. 

There  are  many  buildings  built  in  America  of  the  uni¬ 
form  buff  and  gray  limestones  for  which  a  European  archi¬ 
tect,  his  imagination  influenced  by  daily  contact  with 
buildings  of  venerable  age,  would  have  chosen  the  variegated 
stone.  Its  use  where  special  effects  are  desired,  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  this  country  among  thoughtful  architects, 
especially  for  churches  and  public  buildings  (except  those  of 
classic  design),  although  its  comparative  scarcity  must  of 
course  preclude  the  possibility  of  its  use  becoming  general. 

An  especially  graceful  manner  of  using  the  variegated 
stone  is  in  the  construction  of  residences.  Here  the  varia¬ 
tion  of  color  and  marking,  while  taking  nothing  from  the 
dignity  of  the  building,  lends  a  homelike  and  livable  atmos¬ 
phere  to  it,  compared  with  the  more  formal  suggestions  of  the 
stone  of  uniform  color.  Variegated  stone  makes  homes  of 
houses. 


Special  Varieties 


In  addition  to  the  three  main  varieties  of  Indiana  Lime¬ 
stone  just  described  there  should  be  mentioned  the  following 
which  are  in  demand  for  special  purposes. 

1.  A  stone  of  occasional  occurrence  and  of  a  rich  dark  and 
distinctly  bluish  color.  2.  An  extremely  hard  and  nearly 
pure  white  variety  of  very  fine  and  somewhat  crystalline 
structure.  3.  An  extremely  hard  variety  of  gray  very  useful 
for  base  courses,  steps  and  similar  purposes.  4.  American 
Travertine,  a  variety  of  Indiana  Limestone  of  special  decora¬ 
tive  possibilities  which  closely  resembles  the  much  used 
foreign  Travertine. 


*  v,  . 

¥v 


*■— 


The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials 

f •  •  ;■  V .  V  -  -  Yvy 


Thirteen 


"  ;i ;  ,>,w  •  '-J 


jr; 


1.  Natural  broken  fjace  of  Indiana  Limestone  block.  2.  Planer  dressed  surface  of  'Select 
Stock,”. actual  size.  3.  Muchine  tooled  surface.  4.  Coarse  limeston  •  magnified  sit  dia¬ 
meters  showing  the  beautiful  fossil  'shells  which  compose  it.  This  grade  of  stone  is  designated 
"Rustic  Stock”  and  finds  favor  for  special  uses,  in  both  interiors  and  exteriors.  •  >.  Hne 

planer  Pressed  surface  magnified  i ti£lcen  diameters. 

Fourteen 


ini/ 


Structure 

The  structure  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  very  interesting 
geologically.  The  formation  is  called  Oolitic  from  the  Greek 
cbov,  egg,  and  X£0o<;,  stone,  because  the  many  little  bodies 
of  which  it  is  composed  suggest  the  roe  or  eggs  of  fish. 

In  the  Lower  Carboniferous  age  Indiana  was  the  bed 
of  an  ocean  which  abounded  in  small  shell-bearing  animal- 
culae,  mostly  bivalves  and  univalves,  and  of  hundreds  of 
different  species.  Dying  as  they  did  by  hundreds  of  thou¬ 
sands  of  millions,  their  shells,  mostly  smaller  than  pinheads, 
and  some  of  microscopic  size,  formed  on  the  sea  floor  a  great 
massive  bed  of  carbonate  of  lime  over  97%  pure. 

To  examine  any  piece  of  Indiana  Limestone  with  a  power¬ 
ful  glass  is  to  lay  before  the  eye  a  most  entrancing  exhibit 
of  the  minute  sea  life  which  existed  no  one  knows  how  many 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  years  ago.  There  are  shells  like 
those  of  tiny  oysters,  tiny  clams;  shells  like  tiny  snails,  tiny 
bits  of  lace,  and  tiny  things  you  never  saw  before. 

Indiana  Limestone  consists  wholly  of  these  shells  cemented 
together  with  a  film  of  pure  calcium  carbonate. 

In  certain  corners  and  pockets  of  the  Limestone  quarries 
and  at  the  thin  edges  of  the  stratum  where  evidently  the  sea 
water  was  shallow,  large  fossil  shells  are  abundant,  but  the 
stone  containing  the  large  fossils  is  not  ordinarily  used  as 
building  material. 

It  is  because  Indiana  Limestone  is  composed  of  practically 
pure  shell  lime  with  only  an  infinitesimal  proportion  of  silica, 
magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron  that  it  is  so  inert  chemically  as 
to  resist  perfectly  the  corrosive  gases  in  our  smoky  city  air. 

Texture 

The  texture  of  Indiana  Limestone  varies  from  almost 
invisibly  fine  to  rather  granular.  For  interior  work  and 
sculpture  the  very  finest,  most  homogeneous  texture  is  fre¬ 
quently  demanded,  but  discriminating  architects  are  by  no 
means  so  anxious  to  have  it  for  exterior  use  as  they  once 
were.  The  present,  and  unquestionably  the  right  practice, 


V 


"The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials  ' 


Sixteen 


Two  views  of  quarrying  opera  tinns'sho  wing  with-  what  precision  the  great  blocks  are 
channeled  out  and  broken  up.  Notice  the 'vast  surfaces  without  noticeable  crack 
or  blemish.  Indiana  Limestone  contains  no  constituent  which  affects  or  tends  to 
affect  adversely  its  appearance  either  at  first  or  after  any  length  of  time. 

.  ;*fjr % V  . 


— I 


■  -tfi  r-.  .  •  .  T'.--  -  '--^  -  -  '-**Z  '***£'  '*•  ■•  ..  . 

is  to  avoid  the  monotonous  effect  of  perfectly  uniform  units, 
by  using  both  finer  and  more  pronounced  grain  in  proper 
proportions  to  get  what  is  known  architecturally  as  “texture” 
in  the  wall  itself,  except  when,  for  special  reasons,  uniformity 
is  desired.  Some  architects  prefer  to  use  the  fine  grained 
stone  for  the  lower  courses  of  their  buildings,  and  the  more 
granular  stone  higher  up. 

Practical  Qualities 

If  nature  had  set  about  laying  down  the  Indiana  Lime¬ 
stone  deposits  with  no  other  end  in  view  than  man’s  con¬ 
venience,  she  could  have  done  nothing  that  she  has  not  done 
in  her  magnificent  incidental  way.  This  stone  which,  once 
exposed  to  the  air,  as  in  a  building,  becomes  practically  ever¬ 
lasting,  yet  is  not  too  hard  when  it  first  comes  from  the  quarry 
to  be  cut  with  ease  into  all  manner  of  architectural  and 
sculptural  shapes,  and  is  tough  enough  to  be  carved  into  the 
most  delicate  and  permanent  tracery  anti  ornament. 

Two  important  residts  of  this  fact  are  beautiful  artistic 
effects  and  comparatively  low  price. 

Most  of  the  simpler  architectural  forms,  such  as  blocks, 
sills,  lintels,  mouldings  and  columns,  are  turned  out  with  the 
greatest  ease  by  machinery  with  none  of  the  great  cost  of 
hand  tool  work,  but  with  all  its  dignity  of  result. 

Large  Scale  Production 

The  production  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  a  great  modern 
industry  in  the  most  modern  sense  of  the  term. 

If  your  conception  of  what  it  may  be  like  is  based  on 
youthful  memories  of  “the  old  stone  quarry”  where  you 
probably  used  to  hide  or  swim  as  a  youngster,  you  would 
surely  be  astonished  at  the  actual  facts,  ‘ 

The  Indiana  Limestone  industry  is  organized  on  what 
may  be  termed  a  factory  basis.  Two  whole  counties  are  lib¬ 
erally  sprinkled  with  enormous  quarries  from  which  mountains 
of  Indiana  Limestone  have  been  taken.  Millions  of  dollars 

T-  \  .  §p  . 

V  w  -  ' . 


A  *  - 


The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials' ’ 

L  ' '  V.  v 

ir  ■  ;  ‘-y; 


Seventeen 


finwnnmi 

aujUflhnm 1 


err  mi 

Ba=  ■»  MO  IKIIaU 

ICCB  ■f  ln  iij  am  h 


‘gj  'ttt  «t  «;  trc  ;j 


Bird’sleye  view  of  the  new  Grand  Central  Terminal  Group,  Nev;  York  City  (New  York  Central  Lines);  Warren  &  Wetmore. 
Architects.  TlrisTs  one  of  the  greatesj;  building  projects  of  modern  times,  and  the  terminal  is  of  Indiana  Limestone.  “Biltmorej” 
the  famous  residence  of  Mr.  <  ieorge  W.  Vanderbilt,  a  director  of  thi;  railroad,  is  also  of  Indiana  Limestone,  and  it  is  said  that  tile  in¬ 
timate  knowledge  tfhickMr.  Vanderbilt. thus  gained  of  the  virtues  of  this  stone  had  much  to  do  with  its  selection  for  thegreat  terminal. 


Eighteen 


Nineteen 


Above:  Provost's  Tower,  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Cope  &  Stewardson,  Archi¬ 

tects,  shows  what  dignity  is  .added  to  other  materials  (in  this  ease  brick)  by 
Indiana  Limestone.  Below:  a  column  of  the  building  on  our  cover, 
inches  long  and  4  feet,  »£4  inches  in  diameter,  is  being  turned  on  a  lathe. 


T  wenty 


■% 


\JJYfD  IjZ)  :7Y;jz\  , 


*  V. 

*  jSa  j 


r^- 


L<«t ' 

rr  ■ 


Kv  .;- 

.  >*  v»»v 


V  , 


tv 


V^>. 


-X-. 


A  ■  a*  '; 

\-:  ■-  ,»s  -• 


if  ARISTOCRAT'  Of  OI.IIDINC  MA’n'  iS  I'ai.5  ’ 


,t*u 


‘-'•-vc  * i" 

*N  •  -  Afr  V- '■■.£- 


>.oar^-.. 

_ 


*«3WL 


arc  invested  in  modern  machinery,  equipment  and  buildings, 
and  a  network  of  railway  spurs.  Great  and  highly  organized 
forces  of  men  are  employed. 

The  result  is  that  Indiana  Limestone  can  be  produced  and 
delivered  at  comparatively  low  prices  with  all  the  facility 
and  promptness  of  a  manufactured  article. 

Stone  Cut  Up  by  Diamonds 

Diamond  saws  are  circular  saws  with  teeth  of  diamonds 
set  into  them.  These  teeth  are  true  diamonds  as  much  as 
the  costly  jewels  that  grace  dainty  fingers.  They  are,  how¬ 
ever,  not  transparent,  and  consequently  have  no  value  as 
jewels,  but,  being  the  hardest  substance  known,  they  can 
actually  cut  through  hard  stone  at  the  rate  of  several  inches 
per  minute. 

The  blocks  and  slabs  as  they  come  from  the  saws  of  course 
show  slightly  the  marks  of  the  saw  teeth,  and  these  are  either 
mechanically  rubbed  or  planed  smooth  (Fig.  2,  page  1 4) , 
machine-tool  finished  (Fig.  3,  page  14),  or  hand  dressed. 

An  astounding  process  which  furnishes  an  everyday  sight 
at  the  stone  cutting  plants  is  the  turning  of  stone  columns  on 
a  lathe  apparently  with  the  greatest  ease.  (See  cut,  page 
20.)  The  long  rough  blocks  are  clamped  and  centered  in  a 
lathe,  and,  slowly  revolving,  are  turned  down  with  auto¬ 
matic  precision  by  a  chisel-like  cutter  to  any  required  di¬ 
mensions  This  makes  the  hewing  of  stone  columns  a 
comparatively  simple  matter,  and  turned  work,  from  small 
posts  or  balusters  to  massive  columns  a  single  one  of  which 
is  a  big  carload,  is  handled  with  ease  and  practically  perfect 
accuracy. 

When  one  considers  the  sense  of  dignity  and  worth  im¬ 
parted  to  any  building  by  even  a  porch  of  Indiana  Limestone, 
the  importance  of  this  workable  quality  is  easily  seen. 

Why  Indiana  Limestone  is  Easily  Worked 

It  is  not  only  its  workable  quality,  however,  which  makes 
Indiana  Limestone  so  kind  to  the  stone  cutter,  to  the  architect 


\V-vi 


<■  -  o-;>VV 

V  a  '  S  •  i 


‘‘The  Aristocrat  of  Build  ins;  Materials 


Twenty-one 


. 


Tlie  home  of  Mrs.'S.  K.  Hitt,  wife  of  the  late  Senator  Hitt;  John  Russell  Pope, 
Architect.  Indiana  Limestone  is  here  strikingly  used  in  the.  stately  style. 
Lower -picture:  A  trainload  of  great  blocks  from  which  Statuary  is  to  he  carved. 
One  block  makes  a  big  carload. 


T  wenty-two 


3W? 


m 


^QS 


! 


V  tV' 


y.  :I„7YCDS.j£\.7Y.:jZI 

ssc. 


S3TM!  .-3S3  t 

■  Th  t  ~aRT5ToC  ftA-T  "*0  F  _B  UlLUi  N  G  M  a'T  ERI^k  f5** 


or  artist  who  designs  the  building  or  statue,  and  to  the  man 
who  pays  the  bills.  There  are  plenty  of  kinds  of  stone  soft 
enough  to  cut  readily,  which  are  not  workable,  and  plenty 
more  not  worth  working.  Indiana  Limestone  is  a  massive 
formation,  homogeneous,  tough  and  free  from  the  cleavage 
planes  or  partings  along  which  some  stones  split  or  scale  on 
exposure  to  the  weather.  Many  stones  have  a  distinct  layer 
formation,  and  consequently  will  split  in  one  direction  more 
readily  than  in  another.  Indiana  Limestone,  on  the  con¬ 
trary,  will  split,  chi])  or  cut  with  almost  equal  facility  up 
and  down  or  crosswise. 


Strength 


An  astonishing  thing  about  this  astonishing  stone  of 
history  is  that  in  spite  of  its  easy-working  quality  it  is  ex¬ 
tremely  strong.  Few  building  stones  in  commercial  use 
compare  with  Indiana  Limestone  in  this  respect. 

The  average  crushing  strength  of  Indiana  Limestone  in 
two-inch  cubes  is  over  10,000  pounds  per  square  inch.  In 
units  of  the  sizes  ordinarily  used  for  building  it  is  even 
stronger. 

The  weight  borne  by  the  piers  which  support  the  enor¬ 
mous  (Portland,  Eng.)  limestone  dome  of  St.  Paul’s  Cathedral 
in  London  is  only  about  278  pounds  per  square  inch.  Even 
the  solid  masonry  shaft  of  the  Washington  M  onument,  555 
feet  high,  puts  a  pressure  on  its  foundation  of  only  about 
313  pounds  per  square  inch;  and  the  stone  piers  of  Brooklyn 
bridge,  supporting  the  vast  weight  of  the  causeway  in  addi¬ 
tion  to  their  own  weight,  exert  a  pressure  of  but  396  pounds 
per  square  inch  on  their  bases.  It  is  thus  easily  seen  that 
Indiana  Limestone  can  very  much  more  than  support  any 
load  likely  to  be  put  upon  it. 

Elasticity 

Perhaps  the  quality  of  Indiana  Limestone  that  the  layman 
would  be  least  likely  to  expect  is  its  great  elasticity.  A 
bar  of  Indiana  Limestone  three  or  four  feet  long  can  be 


tabs  •  Si 


at; 


"The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials  " 


T  wenly-three 


Indiana  Limestone  Varied  L 


.  -  'Z-v 

Residences,  from  various  localities;  a  store  building;  garden  ornaments,  and 
date  way  6 ;  a  small  courthouse  7  a  masonry  liririy'o. 

Twenty-four 

^  '  ----• _ _ ! _ „.-f„ la  : S 


noticeably  bent  or  deflected  by  the  application  of  sufficient 
pressure,  and,  when  released,  will  instantly  spring  back  to 
its  original  straightness.  When  struck  with  a  hammer  it 
gives  out  a  clear,  metallic  bell  note  almost  like  that  of  a  bar 
of  steel.  This  means  that  Indiana  Limestone  is  the  most 
elastic  of  all  kindred  substances. 

At  first  glance  one  is  inclined  to  class  this  quality  as 
“interesting  but  not  important.”  Yet  as  a  matter  of  fact 
the  power  to  submit  to  distortion  without  permanent  deforma¬ 
tion  is  among  the  most  valuable  qualities  a  building  ma¬ 
terial  may  have. 

Consider  the  strain  put  upon  a  block  of  stone  whose  in¬ 
side  surface  within  a  building  may  be  50  or  00  degrees  hotter 
or  colder  than  its  outside  surface  exposed  to  the  weather. 
One  side  of  the  block  is  contracted,  and  the  other  expanded, 
an  enormous  pressure  being  put  upon  it  by  the  expansion  of 
its  fellows.  Consider  a  change  of  temperature  between  mid¬ 
night  and  noon  of  50  to  70  or  more  degrees  which  often  occurs 
in  perpendicular  walls  exposed  to  direct  sunlight.  Only 
an  elastic  material  can  easily  tolerate  this  sort  of  thing  year 
after  year.  This  is  one  of  the  great  points  (to  say  nothing  of 
architectural  beauty  and  dignity)  at  which  Indiana  Limestone 
shows  its  wonderful  adaptability  to  building  purposes  and 
also  one  of  the  great  points  at  which  manufactured  substitutes 
for  it  fail. 

Blocks  of  Any  Size  to  Be  Had 

The  only  limit  to  the  size  of  the  blocks  of  Indiana  Lime¬ 
stone  which  may  be  had  is  what  a  derrick  may  lift  and  a 
freight  car  carry.  The  stone  is  ordinarily  cut  from  the  quarry 
into  blocks  much  larger  than  it  is  possible  to  lift  out  (see  cut, 
page  16)  and  split  up  into  less  unwieldly  sizes  before  lifting. 

Although  this  is  no  special  advantage  as  regards  the 
majority  of  bidding  units  it  makes  Indiana  Limestone  inval¬ 
uable  for  certain  purposes.  Large  statuary  groups  can  be  j 
sculptured  from  single  pieces  of  stone.  Each  of  the  Sphinxes 
in  front  of  the  building  on  the  cover  of  this  book  was  cut  from 


“ The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials" 


Twenty-five 


-  s  5 


Twenty-six 


“ Before  and  After.  "  The  National  Union  Bank  Building  withstood  the  terrible  test  of  the 
great  Baltimore  fire  so  well  that  the  Indiana  Limestone  front  was  afterward  put  intu  first- 
class  condition  for  a  few  hundred  dollars.  As  you  see,  the  principal  damage  was  caused 
by  the  fall  of  adjacent  buildings.  Here  is  conclusive  proof  of  high  fire-resistance. 


uw 


S?i fi C "  aR I'sfdcn Xi '  of  b  lTi  l  u i  n c  m  m a'te t! i  Als  ' 


a  single  block,  lb1  2  x  7%  x  81  •>  feet  in  size  and  weighing 
about  200,000  pounds  as  it  came  from  the  quarry.  One- 
piece  columns  and  pedestals  of  most  massive  and  impressive 
dimensions  (see  single-piece  columns  over  ,‘30  feet  tall  in  build¬ 
ing  on  cover)  can  readily  be  had.  The  very  essence  of  a 
beautiful  column  is  in  its  imposing  upward  thrust,  unbroken 
by  joint,  crevice  or  blemish.  And  what  can  convey  a  more 
affecting  impression  of  dignity  than  a  column,  mightily 
made  by  Nature  through  a  billion  infinitesimal  deaths, 
mightily  thought,  mightily  wrought,  and  mightily  trans¬ 
ported  by  the  brain  and  hand  of  man,  grown  cunning  through 
the  passing  of  ten  thousand  generations? 

Fire  Resistance  of  Indiana  Limestone 

What  else  should  a  perfect  building  material  have  to  its 
credit?  Well,  fire-resistance,  for  one  thing.  Here  as  every¬ 
where,  Indiana  Limestone  shines  by  its  own  light. 

Fire-resistance  is  a  term  that  does  not  fully  express 
all  that  the  experienced  mean  by  it.  It  should  really  be 
called  “fire-and- water-resistance.” 

Indiana  Limestone,  under  laboratory  test,  shows  com¬ 
plete  absence  of  ill  effect  when  heated  up  to  temperatures  of 
about  1,000  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  quenched  with  water. 

At  the  temperature  of  melting  aluminum,  about  1,157 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  the  stone  shows  a  slight  tendency  to 
crumble  at  the  edges  when  quenched  with  water. 

Samples  heated  to  cherry  red,  about  1,500  degrees  Fahr¬ 
enheit  show  considerable  calcination  and  at  temperatures 
considerably  above  this  point  calcination  gradually  becomes 
more  and  more  complete  until  finally  the  stone  is  converted 
into  quicklime. 

These  experiments  have  been  repeated  on  a  sufficient 
number  of  specimens  from  various  localities  to  make  the 
test  conclusive,  and  show  beyond  a  doubt  that  Indiana 
Limestone,  up  to  the  point  of  calcination  (turning  into 
quick-lime)  may  be  considered  a  fire-proof  material. 

The  point  is  that  it  also  embraces  just  as  high  resist- 


'iThe  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials 


r*> 

•  '  »  <  7>>vl 

►  «  ,*\ 

SJr^v, 


A  / 


_  _  .  Sva  wm  &a 

■  nil  AKISTOCRA-l  Of  Bi  ILliTNC  M  A  H  1;  lALS't 


Tft' 


mice  to  the  application  of  water  wliile  the  stone  is  hot. 
When  tested,  as  the  limestone  above  referred  to  was  tested, 
most  other  kinds  of  stone,  some  of  which  have  a  higher 
resistance  to  fire  alone  than  Indiana  Limestone,  crumble, 
burst  or  go  to  pieces  like  glass. 

But  let  all  the  truth  be  told  (after  which  we  shall  ask 
you  to  look  at  the  picture  on  page  26).  ALL  decorative  or 
architectural  materials  (as  opposed  to  purely  structural 
materials)  are  liable  to  be  ruined  or  greatly  damaged  by 
exposure  to  extremely  hot  fires,  dense  smoke  and  douchings 
with  cold  water.  The  walls  may  stand,  and  may  often  be 
serviceable  as  walls,  after  the  fire,  but  they  will  seldom  be  of 
much  value  as  things  of  beauty  if  the  fire  has  been  anything 
like  severe  enough  to  test  the  quality  of  Indiana  Limestone. 

Indiana  Limestone  will  come  through  the  ordeal  of  fire 
better  than  almost  any  other  material  for  these  reasons: 

1st.  Any  fire  hot  enough  over  any  considerable  area  to 
cause  calcination  of  Indiana  Limestone  would  mean  “build¬ 
ing  and  contents  a  total  loss,”  no  matter  what  it  might  be 
built  of. 

2nd.  Indiana  Limestone  has  fir e-and-water -resistance  to  a 
degree  which  gives  it  a  very  high  degree  of  damage-resist¬ 
ance  and  damage-resistance  is  really  the  thing  desired. 

3rd.  Indiana  Limestone,  even  when  stained  by  smoke 
(or  otherwise)  can  easily  be  restored  to  its  original  color  by 
scouring  or  rubbing,  while  practically  all  other  materials, 
may  be  injured  beyond  redemption  by  smoke  alone. 

We  offer  the  proof  of  the  above  along  with  the  assertions. 
We  said  we  should  ask  you,  after  the  truth  about  fire-resis- 
ance  was  all  told,  to  look  at  the  picture  on  page  26.  Now, 
having  told  the  truth,  we  do  hereby  ask  you  to  look  at  that 
picture,  to  read  what  is  under  it  and  to  consider  how  well 
it  bears  out  the  facts  we  have  stated. 

Durability 

One  who,  never  having  seen  it  before,  should  see  Indiana 
Limestone  as  it  comes  from  the  quarry,  however  vividly  he 
might  be  impressed  by  its  rugged  elegance,  would  not  guess 


a  _  ^  . 


m 


'•  :  y  j  ;  ..  ^ 

The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials' 


* 


-"•UL&Si  '  v.  *  •  •  ^  ^  V,  ^  - 


Twenty-nine 

'  >  •' -  ."■‘N  s.  -t 


Thirty 


;a|.  U\J  i  J-J  -/  *s-t  ./  us~> 


_Il  i  -■  i.'  ■  roc  !  '  Ot  Bit  .1  DING  mAjeria 


in  a  dozen  guesses  that  the  Great  Sphinx,  the  Pyramids  of 
Gizeh,  the  main  parts  of  the  temples  Abydos  and  the  Sun 
Temple  of  Abusir,  as  well  as  a  large  proportion  of  the  famous 
temples  of  Karnak,  their  ages  measured  not  in  hundreds 
but  iu  thousands  of  years,  are  built  of  it,  or,  rather,  of  a 
limestone  of  similar  shell  formation,  but  geologically  prob¬ 
ably  hundred a-  of  thousands  of  years  younger.  Yet  such 
is  the  case.  And  such  being  the  case,  we  can  only  smile 
at  the  thought  of  looking  for  signs  of  deterioration  in  the 
“old”  limestone  buildings  of  the  United  States,  some  few 
of  which  have  reached  the  lusty  youth  of  fifty  years. 

The  cut  at  the  left  is  an 
unretouched  photograph  of 
the  seal  of  the  University  of 
Indiana,  which  was  carved 
from  Indiana  Limestone  for 
one  of  the  University  build¬ 
ings  in  1855,  and  was  later 
removed  after  a  fire  to  its 
present  position  in  the  ornamental  housing  over  the  so-called 
Rose  Well  on  the  University  campus.  During  all  the  sixty 
years  which  have  since  passed  this  Seal  has  been  constantly 
exposed  to  the  weather;  yet  the  lettering  and  delicate  carv¬ 
ing  is  as  sharp  and  clear  as  the  day  it  was  cut.  All  the  arrises 
are  perfect.  Even  the  marks  of  the  stone-cutter’s  tool  on 
the  surrounding  surface  of  the  block,  and  its  neighbors  in  the 
wall,  are  so  perfect  that  they  look  as  though  just  made. 

l)r.  J  anies  A.  Woodburn  of  the  History  Department  of 
the  State  University  of  Indiana  has,  at  our  request,  investi¬ 
gated  the  exact  facts  with  regard  to  this  carved  emblem,  and 
has  kindly  written  for  the  Indiana  Limestone  Quarrymen’s 
Association  the  following  short  historical  sketch,  headed: 

The  “Weather  Quality”  of  Indiana  Limestone 

“This  Portal  was  erected  and  the  Seal  was  carved  for 
the  ‘Old  College  Building’  in  18.55  after  fire  had 
destroyed  the  original  building  in  1854.  The  inscription 
reads:  Tndianensis  Universitatis  Sigillum.  IIolv  Bible. 


■?vv 


**•■>'■* 


"The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials" 

'  '  ‘  :  -  - 


Thirty-on* 


w  .y  w . 


•ST 


sg 


Thirty-two 


Interior  of  the  Cathedral  Chapel  of  the  Queen  of  All  Saints,  New  York  City; . 
Reiley  &  Steinbaek,  Architects.  Nearly  everything  you  sec  (except  pews 
and  chandeliers)  is  of  Indiana  Lipiestone. 


15^-: 


UK  ri  A  I  O  I  BUillUNG  MAIL  I!  IALS"' 


Lux  et  Veritas.  MDCCCXX.’  These  dressed  stones 
in  the  front  with  the  inscription  were  transferred  from  the 
old  building  (now  the  Bloomington  High  School  Build¬ 
ing)  and  placed  in  the  Rose  Well  House  in  1908.  The 
letters  of  the  inscription  are  as  clear  as  when  they  were 
carved  sixty  years  ago.  At  the  time  the  carving  was 
executed,  Rev.  William  Daily  was  President  of  the 
University,  Hon.  John  1.  Morrison  was  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Hon.  Joseph  A.  Wright  was 
Governor  of  Indiana.  The  stone  lasts  from  age  to  age.” 

To  dispel  any  lingering  vestige  of  doubt  let  us  allude 
again  to  the  limestone  cathedrals  of  Europe  and  those  of 
England,  to  St.  Paul’s,  and  Westminster  and  others  those 
called  by  name  having  been  built  in  past  centuries  of  Port¬ 
land  Limestone,  chemically  inferior  to,  but  petrologically 
identical  with  Indiana  Limestone.  And  let  us  allude  again 
to  the  clear  sharp  arrises  of  the  anciently  exposed  ledges  in 
the  Bedford-Bloomington  quarry  district.  Let  us  then 
speak  no  further  about  durability.  It  seems  hardly  needful 
to  do  so. 

Ideal  Shipping  Location 

Another  point  at  which  Nature  was  kind  in  regard  to 
Indiana  Limestone  is  in  having  located  it  at  what  is  now 
almost  the  center  of  population  of  the  United  States.  Bed¬ 
ford  and  Bloomington,  Indiana,  in  Lawrence  and  Monroe 
counties  respectively,  are  the  centers  of  production  and 
their  central  location  coupled  with  excellent  railroad  facil¬ 
ities  has  made  Indiana  Limestone  in  actual  practice  “The 
Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials’’  in  every  state  in  the  Union 
and  most  of  the  provinces  of  Canada. 

The  wonderful  architectural  qualities  of  Indiana  Lime¬ 
stone,  capped  by  the  three  things  which  tend  toward  reas¬ 
onable  price-  -shipping  location,  modern  organization  and 
abundant  supply  -all  co-operate  as  though  by  a  carefully 
arranged  plan  to  concentrate  in  Indiana  Limestone  the  very 
acme  of  merit  as  a  material  for  the  construction  of  all  classes 
of  buildings  which  are  wholly  or  in  part  of  decorative  pur¬ 
pose,  from  the  small  residence  or  apartment,  the  dignified 


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“ The  Aristocrat  of  liiiilt/in g  Materials’' 


Thirty-three 


Group  of  city  ahd  country  residences,  apartments  and  school  buildings 
from  various  parts  of  the  Lnited  States. 


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store  or  bank  to  the  great  edifices  of  commercial,  religious, 
public  or  monumental  purpose.  And  its  use  is  not  confined 
to  the  exterior  of  these  buildings,  but  finds  a  thousand 
opportunities  for  interior  beautification  in  the  finer  buildings 
of  every  class. 

Can  anything  more  be  asked  of  a  single  building  material? 

Is  not  Indiana  Limestone  in  truth  the  aristocrat  of  the 
building  world? 

Service  Bureau 

We  maintain  for  the  free  use  of  architects,  builders, 
and  owners,  prospective  or  actual,  a  Service  Bureau.  This 
Bureau  is  prepared  to  answer  all  questions  about  Indiana 
Limestone  and  its  most  economical  and  otherwise  advan¬ 
tageous  uses;  to  furnish  finished  samples;  to  assist  in  locating 
special  stone  for  special  uses  and  in  general  to  render  to 
those  interested  in  Indiana  Limestone  any  service  within  its 
power.  It  can  supply  photographs  of  Indiana  Limestone 
buildings  of  all  kinds,  or  details  thereof,  to  illustrate  what 
can  be  accomplished  in  the  direction  of  your  special  inter¬ 
ests  or  desires. 

It  will  be  a  pleasure  to  perform  any  of  these  services 
for  you.  The  Bureau  makes  no  charges,  and  places  no  con¬ 
ditions  upon  the  service  it  renders  or  endeavors  to  render. 
Do  not  hesitate  to  ask  us. 

Data  Concerning  Indiana  Oolitic  Limestone 


CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS  (AVERAGE) 


Carbonate  of  Lime 

Silica . 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Magnesia . 

Water  and  Loss.  . 


Indiana 
Limestone 
97 . 26 
1.69 
.49 
.37 
.  19 


100.00 


Average  Weight .  139  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 

Ratio  of  Absorption . 1  to  42 

Average  crushing  strength .  10,944  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Indiana  Limestone  Quarrymen’s  Association 

BEDFORD,  INDIANA 


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‘‘ The  Aristocrat  of  Building  Materials' 


Thirty -ftve 


Carved  Indiana  Limestone  surrounding  clock  on  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Pas¬ 
senger  Station;  Stem  &  Sellkeimer,  Architects.  It  is  fourteen  feet,  seven 
inches  long,  twelve  feet,  six  inches  high,  and  a  man  could  stand  erect 
in  the  opening  which  contains  the  clock.  The  inscription  is,  of  course, 
imaginary,  hut  much  to  the  point. 


AVERY  LIBRARY 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 


“THE  ARISTOCRAT 
OF  BUILDING  MATERIALS” 


